Pilot Prep

17/09/2025

✈️ Ever wondered how these massive machines defy gravity? Let's talk about the magic of flight! 🌬️
​It all comes down to four fundamental forces:
​Lift: This is the upward force that opposes gravity. It's primarily generated by the wings!
​Weight: The force of gravity pulling the aircraft down.
​Thrust: The forward force produced by the engines.
​Drag: The resistant force that opposes thrust.
​But how do wings create lift? Enter Bernoulli's Principle!
​The shape of an aircraft wing (an airfoil) is key. The top surface is curved, and the bottom is flatter. As the wing moves through the air, the air flowing over the curved top surface has to travel a greater distance than the air flowing underneath.
​According to Bernoulli's Principle, faster-moving air has lower pressure, and slower-moving air has higher pressure.
​Faster air over the top = Lower pressure.
​Slower air under the bottom = Higher pressure.
​This pressure difference creates an upward force – LIFT – pushing the wing (and the plane!) into the sky!
​So, when the engines provide enough thrust to move the wings fast enough, and enough lift is generated to overcome weight, we fly! It's a beautiful balance of physics and engineering. 🤓
​What's your favorite part about flying? Let me know below! 👇
​

17/09/2025

Ever wondered what keeps an airplane in the sky? It's all about the balance of four fundamental forces!
​1️⃣ Thrust: The forward-pushing force generated by the engines that moves the aircraft through the air.
2️⃣ Drag: The resistive force caused by air friction that opposes thrust.
3️⃣ Lift: The upward-acting force created by air moving over the wings, which counters weight.
4️⃣ Weight: The downward-pulling force of gravity on the aircraft.
​For a plane to fly, thrust must overcome drag, and lift must be greater than or equal to weight. Mastering these concepts is key to understanding flight!

18/01/2024

One Mark question Dgca General Navigation

13/01/2024

Gen Nav Question Series With Solutions
question 5

An aircraft at position 60°N 005°W tracks 090°( T ) for 315 km. On completion of the flight the longitude will be ;
a) 005°15'E
b) 000°15'E
c) 000°40'E
d) 002°10'W

Since the plane is flying westwards on 090 degrees True track, the latitude of the last point will also be 60°N.
In order to calculate the longitude difference, it is necessary to convert the total km traveled into NM.
315 : 1.852 = 170.08 ≈ 170 NM
Using the Departure formula, the total longitude difference is found; ( cos 60 = 0.5 )
Departure = D Long x cos Lat
170 = D Long x cos 60 → D Long = 170 : cos 60 → D Long = 170 : 0.5 = 340 minutes of longitude change.
The equivalent of this in minutes and degrees is = ( 5 x 60 ) + 40 = 5°40'. The first moving longitude is greater than this value.
is removed; 005°40' – 005°00' = 000°40', since the new longitude lies east of the 0 meridian, it is found as 000°40'E.

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13/01/2024

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13/01/2024

Gen Nav Question Series With Solutions
question 4

An aircraft at FL330 is required to commence descent when 65 NM from a VOR and to cross the VOR at FL100. The mean
GS during the descent is 330 kt. What is the minimum rate of descent required ?
a) 1950 FT/MIN
b) 1750 FT/MIN
c) 1650 FT/MIN
d) 1850 FT/MIN

Since FL100 will be on VOR, it is necessary to lose an altitude of FL330 – FL100 = 230 = 23 000 feet,
If the speed is 330 kt per hour (330 NM per hour), the distance is 65 NM;
( 65 x 60 ) : 330 = 11.8 minutes. In other words, 23,000 feet must be covered in 11.8 minutes, as a result;
23 000 : 11.8 =1949 ≈ 1950 FT/MIN

13/01/2024

Gen Nav Question Series With Solutions
question 3

An aircraft at FL290 is required to commence descent when 50 NM from a VOR and to cross that VOR at FL80. Mean GS
during descent is 271 kt. What is the minimum rate of descent required ?
a) 1700 FT/MIN
b) 1900 FT/MIN
c) 1800 FT/MIN
d) 2000 FT/MIN

Since FL80 will be on VOR, an altitude of FL290 – FL80 = 210 = 21 000 feet must be lost,
If the speed is 271 kt per hour (60 minutes per hour) and 271 NM per hour, it covers a distance of 50 NM;
( 50 x 60 ) : 271 = 11.07011 ≈ travels in 11 minutes. In other words, 21,000 feet must be covered in 11 minutes, as a result;
21 000 : 11 =1909 ≈ 1900 FT/MIN.

13/01/2024

Gen Nav Question Series With Solutions
question 2

A flight is to be made from “A” 49°S 180'E/W to “B” 58°S 180'E/W. The distance in kilometres from “A” to “B” is
approximately ;
a) 1000.
b) 804.
c) 540.
d) 1222.

The difference in latitude from A to B ;
58°S – 49°S = 9° ,
Since 1 minute of arc fragment is equal to 60 NM = 9 x 60 = 540 minutes = 540 NM ,
To convert this value to miles,
It is found as 540 x 1.852 = 1000.08 ≈ 1000 km

12/01/2024

Radio Navigation question

12/01/2024

Gen Nav Question Series With Solutions
question 1
5 HR 20 MIN 20 SEC corresponds to a longitude difference of ;
a) 81°10'
b) 78°45'
c) 75°00'
d) 80°05'

Since the Earth completes one rotation around itself in 24 hours and there are 360 ​​meridians, the distance between two meridians is;
24 hours = 1440 minutes and 1440 : 360 = 4 minutes.
5 hours 20 minutes = 320 minutes = 320 : 4 = 80°
Since 20 seconds is 1/12 of 4 minutes (1 degree); 60: 12 = 5', resulting in difference; It is located at 80°05'

11/06/2023

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08/06/2023

RTR PHRASEOLOGY

MAYDAY—The international radio telephony distress signal. When repeated three times, it indicates imminent and grave danger and that immediate assistance is requested.

MINIMUM FUEL—Indicates that an aircraft's fuel supply has reached a state where, upon reaching the destination, it can accept little or no delay. This is not an emergency situation but merely indicates an emergency situation is possible should any undue delay occur.

NEGATIVE—"No," or "permission not granted," or "that is not correct."

NEGATIVE CONTACT—Used by pilots to inform ATC that the previously issued traffic is not in sight. It may be followed by the pilot's request for the controller to provide assistance in avoiding the traffic. Used by pilots to inform ATC they were unable to contact ATC on a particular frequency.

RADAR CONTACT—Used by ATC to inform an aircraft that it is identified on the radar display and radar flight following will be provided until radar identification is terminated.

RADAR SERVICE TERMINATED—Used by ATC to inform a pilot that he will no longer be provided any of the services that could be received while in radar contact. Radar service is automatically terminated, and the pilot is not advised in the following cases: 1. An aircraft cancels its IFR flight plan, except within Class B airspace, Class C airspace, a TRSA, or where Basic Radar service is provided. 2. An aircraft conducting an instrument, visual, or contact approach has landed or has been instructed to change to advisory frequency. 3. An arriving VFR aircraft, receiving radar service to a tower controlled airport within Class B airspace, Class C airspace, a TRSA, or where sequencing service is provided, has landed; or to all other airports, is instructed to change to tower or advisory frequency. 4. An aircraft completes a radar approach.

READ BACK—Repeat my message back to me.

REPORT—Used to instruct pilots to advise ATC of specified information; e.g., "Report passing Hamilton VOR."

SAY AGAIN—Used to request a repeat of the last transmission. Usually specifies transmission or portion thereof not understood or received; e.g., "Say again all after ABRAM VOR."

SAY ALTITUDE—Used by ATC to ascertain an aircraft's specific altitude/flight level. When the aircraft is climbing or descending, the pilot should state the indicated altitude rounded to the nearest 100 feet.

SAY HEADING—Used by ATC to request an aircraft heading. The pilot should state the actual heading of the aircraft.

SPEAK SLOWER—Used in verbal communications as a request to reduce speech rate.

SQUAWK (Mode, Code, Function)—Activate specific modes/ codes/functions on the aircraft transponder, e.g., "Squawk two—one-zero-five." Squawk does not mean pilot should press the transponder's IDENT button.

STAND BY—Means the controller or pilot must pause for a few seconds, usually to attend to other duties of a higher priority. Also means to wait as in "stand by for clearance." The caller should reestablish contact if a delay is lengthy. "Stand by" is not an approval or denial.

THAT IS CORRECT—The understanding you have is right.

TRAFFIC—A term used by ATC to refer to one or more aircraft.

TRAFFIC IN SIGHT—Used by pilots to inform a controller that previously issued traffic is in sight.

UNABLE—Indicates inability to comply with a specific instruction, request, or clearance.

VERIFY—Request confirmation of information; e.g., "verify assigned altitude."